![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() 一、 被动语态的构成:助动词 be+ 及物动词 的过去分词 注:只有及物动词才有被动语态,因为只有及物动词后面才跟宾语,才有可能主语和宾语换位置,做成被动句。 1. 一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+done *Football is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球。 2. 一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+done *The building was built in 1559. 这座建筑师 1559 年建成的。 3. 现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done( 不太好理解的被动语态 ) *Ateaching building is being built now.现在正在建造一座教学楼。 4. 过去进行时的被动语态:was/were being done *Many trees were being planted at that time.那时很多树正在被种植。 5. 现在完成时的被动语态:have/has been+done *No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building.任何人不经允许不得进入该大楼。 6. 过去完成时的被动语态:had been+done *By the end of last term, 1,000 English words had been learned by us.到上学期末为止我们已经学了 1000 个英语单词。 7. 一般将来时的被动语态:will/shall(主语为第一人称时使用)+be+done *Ameeting will be held next Tuesday.下星期二将召开一个会议。 8. 过去将来时的被动语态:would be+done *She told us that those flowers would be moved to the park.她告诉我们,那些花将被移到公园里去。 9. 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。 *The room must be kept clean. 房间必须保持整洁。(clean 在这里是形容词修饰主语“The room”。) *The flowers should be watered often.应该经常给花浇水。 10. 半助动词的被动语态 结构:半助动词 seem to/happen to/appear to+be+及物动词的过去分词 *The computer seems to have been used already. Can you give me a new one?这台电脑好像被使用过了,您能给我一台新的吗? ![]() 二、被动语态的用法 1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者时,或没有必要或不愿意指出谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态。 *Animals must be protected. 必须保护动物。 *The bike is made in Beijing. 这辆自行车是北京产的。 2. 需要强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态 *All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外,所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。 3. 在文章标题、广告、新闻中 *Girls Wanted! 招女工! *Five-Year-Old Boy Kidnapped! 五岁男童遭到绑架! 4. 当动作的执行者很模糊时(当动作的执行者是泛指,如 people, one 等) *The song is said to be very popular abroad.据说这首歌在国外很流行。 5. 为了礼貌而避免提及动作的执行者 *I have been told many times not to make noises.有人多次告诉我不要制造噪音。 6. 习惯用法的需要 *Mike was born in Malaysia in 2004.迈克 2004 年出生于马来西亚。 *My hometown is situated in southern Shandong Province.我的家乡坐落在山东省南部。 ![]() 三、使用被动语态应注意的问题 1. 不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态,这些常见的动词(短语)有 happen,last( 持续 ), rise, occur, cost, appear, belong to, break out, take place, come true,consist of 等。感官动词或表示情况变化的动词(系动词)也不能用于被动语态,这些常见的动词有 taste, feel, look, smell ,sound, seem, remain, continue, prove,become, grow( 不是“成长”,是变化 ), get, come, go 等。 *The sweater was cost 80 yuan.(错) *The sweater cost me 80 yuan. (对)这件毛衣花了我 80 元钱。 *The war was broken out in 1941.(错) *The war broke out in 1941. (对)这场战争爆发于 1941 年。 2. 在主动语态里,动词 make,let, see, hear, watch, notice 等后面的宾语补足语的动 词不定式不带 to,但变为被动语态时,to 必须补上。 *They made him go there alone.(主动语态)他们让他自己去那里。 *He was made to go there alone.(被动语态) 3. 带介词或副词的动词短语(如 look after, put on, pay attention to)用作被动语态的谓语时,它们原来所带的介词或副词应保留下来。 *She often looks after the elderly.(主动语态)她经常照看老人。 *The elderly are often looked after (by her).(被动语态) 4. 如果主动语态的句子中有直接宾语和间接宾语,变为被动语态时,有两种方法:把指人的间接宾语变为被动语态的句子的主语,或把指物的直接宾语变为被 动语态的句子的主语,如果间接宾语需要保留,其前面常加介词 to 或 for。 *Father bought me a new coat.(主动语态)爸爸给我买了一件新外套。 *I was bought a new coat.(被动语态) *Anew coat was bought for me.(被动语态) 5. 分词作宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时,句中的宾语移到句首作主语。 *He saw some girls playing the piano.(主动语态)他看见一些女孩在弹钢琴。 *Some girls were seen playing the piano. (被动语态) ![]() 四、get 型被动句 构成被动语态的助动词除了 be 外,有时还可以用 get,“get+过去分词”可以表示被动,强调结构,此结构比较口语化。 *Be careful when you cross the road. If not, you may get run over by a car.过马路时要小心。否则,你可能会被汽车撞倒。 *The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周治疗一次。 *He fell off the car and got killed.他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。 ![]() 五、主动性时表示被动意义 1.某些动词在形式上是主动语态,但含有被动的意思,通常不使用被动语态。表示主语某种属性特征的动词,如 sell, wash, write, drive, eat, shut, act, cut, clean,cook 等。这些主语一般是指物的词,而且常用 well, badly, easily 等副词来修饰这些动词。 *Books of this kind sell well.这种书很畅销。(本身的含义是:这本书被卖得很好。) *This sweater washes easily. 这件毛衣很好洗。(本身的含义是:这件毛衣很容易被洗。) 2. 系动词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep 等+形容词/名词构成系表结构。 *The steel feels cold.钢摸起来很凉。 *It has gone bad.它已经变质了。 3. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如 begin, start, finish, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等,表示一种状态的时候,主动表被动,但是用这些动词表示某个人 的具体的动作或事件时,还是要用动宾结构。 *Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.今天早上 7 点钟开始工作的。 *The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.这个商店每天下午 6 点关门。( 虽然商店是“ 被关” 的 , 但是形式上用主动 。open 做为 “ 开业 , 开幕 ” 讲也是主动表被动。) 4. 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:have(有),wish(希望),cost(花费),date back to(追溯到),agree with(同意),arrive at/in(到达),shake hands with(握手),succeed in(成功),suffer from(遭受),take part in (参加),walk into/enter(走近),belong to(属于)等。 * The islands belong to Spain. 这些岛屿隶属西班牙。 5. be to blame(该受责备,对某件坏事应负责任)与 be to let(待出租)两种结构中,用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 *Which driver is to blame for the accident? 这次事故是哪个司机的责任? *This house is to let.这座房子要出租。 6. want, need, require 当“需要”讲时,且主语通常为物,这个时候主动表被动。want/need/require doing=want/need/require to be done *My hair wants cutting=My hair wants to be cut.我需要剪头发了。 7. be worth doing 也是主动表被动 *The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。( “ 书” 和“ 读” 之间是被动关系,但是形式上用主动。 ) 8. 在句型“主语+be+adj+to do”,如果 to do 和主语之间是动宾关系的话,主动表被动,如: *The coat is easy to wash.( coat 本应该是被洗的, , 这里不用被动是因为, ,“to wash” 和“the coat” 之间可以构成动宾关系,即:to wash the coat ,所以用主动表示被动。 ) 9. 特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。 *Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。 10. 一些与 can't(不能)或 won't(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开), act(上演)等, *The door won't open.这门打不开。 *It can't move.它不能被移动。 11. 不定式作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在“There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式”和“及物动词+宾语(或双宾语)+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,特别是“主语+have+宾语+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中 。 *He has a family to support. 他要养家。 *Give him some books to read. 给他几本书读。 *There is a lot of work to do. 有好多事情要做。 12. 有些介词短语作表语,其主动形式含有被动意义 “be + under +名词”结构:这种结构表示某事“在进行中” *The building is under construction. *The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discussed). 这样用的名词还有 under repair/treatment/question(质问) 13. 被动形式表示主动意义的词组,如 be determined to do, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married 等。例如: *He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 ![]() |
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