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发表于 2021-12-29 13:32:22 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式 IP:香港
第三章 名词

名词方面的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数,名词作为前置形容词用时的单、复数形式,复合名词的单、复数形式,集体名词在数上的主谓一致性和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单、复数同形等问题。

一、名词的性

在许多欧洲语言中,名词在语法上存在着“性”的区分,即阳性、阴性和中性三者的区别。但在英语中,名词与语法上的“性”没有多大关系,名词的性主要关系到人称代词、所有格及相应的关系代词上。英语中只有一部分名词随着词义的不同而分为阴性和阳性,其中大都不分性别,属于中性,即:既可表阳性,又可表阴性,具有阴阳双重性。

1. 表示人及动物的性别相对的名词

注:在日常用语中,一般都用阳性来表示两性,如家中养一只母犬和母马,都用dog和horse来表示,不会用bitch和mare。

2. 有些名词在词尾加上“-ess”构成阴性

阴性 阳性

actress 女演员 actor 男演员

goddess 女神 god 神

heiress 女继承人 heir 男继承人

hostess 女主人 host 男主人

waitress 女服务员 waiter 男服务员

stewardess 女乘务员 steward 男乘务员

empress 女皇 emperor 皇帝

countess 女伯爵 count 伯爵

duchess 女公爵 duke 公爵

marchioness 女侯爵 marquis 侯爵

mayoress 女市长 mayor 市长

princess 公主 prince 王子

negress 女黑人 negro 黑人

mistress 女主人 master 主人

lioness 母狮 lion 公狮

tigress 雌虎 tiger 雄虎

leopardess 母豹 leopard 雄豹

注:表示爵位的词后面跟人名时其首字母大写,如Count Tolstoy,Countess Rosebery。Negro和Negress无论在什么情况下首字母都需大写。

3. 名词前后加man,woman,he,she等表示性别

可在名词的前或后按约定俗成的方式加上man,woman,he,she,male,female,boy或girl等来表示性别。如:

policeman/policewoman salesman/saleswoman

postman/postwoman man doctor/woman doctor

boyfriend/girlfriend he-wolf/she-wolf

landlord(房东)/landlady(女房东) male-reader/female-reader

orphan-boy(孤儿)/orphan-girl(孤女) peacock(雄孔雀)/peahen(雌孔雀)

注①:我们通常把model(模特儿)和nurse(护士)这样的词看成女性,而把judge(法官)和wrestler(摔跤运动员)看成男性。因此当我们需着重说明情况时,应特别注明,如male model(男模特儿),male nurse(男护士),woman judge(女法官),woman wrestler(女摔跤运动员)。

Though death befalls all men alike, it may be weightier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather. 人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛。

A man can do no more than he can. 人做事须量力而行。

注③:实际应用中,很多英语名词,除了必须指出性别的场合以外,都用中性形式来表示两性。如:

the author of the book也可指女作者(authoress)

She is an eminent poet. 她是位卓越的诗人(这里如用poetess反而显得不自然,而且往往带有贬义)。

He brought down the fierce tiger with a single shot. 他一枪撂倒那只凶猛的老虎(这里tiger也可指雌虎)。

顺便一提,汉语口语中有“他的老婆是只雌老虎”的说法,与之相应的英语表达便须指出性别,而用“His wife is a tigress.”但不能说“His wife is a female tiger.”因tigress另有一个比喻意义是“a ferocious woman”,而female tiger则无此喻意。在文学语言中则用“His wife is a virago.”

4. 拟人化的阳性词和阴性词

在实际写作中,有些无生命名词并非总是用第三人称代词it来重复或代替该词,而是用拟人化的阳性代词he或阴性代词she来代替。

1 用he来重复或代替的无生命名词

time 时光;mountain 山;wind 风;war 战争;storm 暴风雨;thunder 雷;despair 绝望;anger 愤怒;sun 太阳;hurricane 飓风;revenge 复仇

2 用she来重复或代替的无生命名词

moon 月亮;spring 春;night 夜;nature 自然;peace 和平;hope 希望;virtue 美德;truth 真理;earth 地球;liberty 自由;fame 名声;faith 信仰;mercy 慈悲;

The sun sheds his warmth on the earth. 太阳把他温暖的光芒洒向大地。

A bright full moon cast her shadow on the quiet surface of the West Lake. 一轮明亮的圆月把她的影子投在西湖寂静的湖面上。

Nature rewards those who love her. 大自然回报那些热爱她的人。

注:船、火车、国家、都市等名词通常看做阴性词。例如:

The Titanic sank on her maiden voyage. 泰坦尼克号在她的首航中即告沉没。

China is proud of her long history. 中国为其历史悠久而自豪。

Shanghai is famous for her internationalization. 上海以国际化著称。

二、名词的可数与不可数

英语名词最基本的类别是可数与不可数。凡表示可以计数的名词叫做可数名词(countable noun),在英语字典里以[C]来表示;凡表示不可以计数的事物的名词叫做不可数名词(uncountable noun),英语字典里以[U]来表示。

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式;不可数名词只有单数一种形式,如music,information等。但名词可数和不可数的划分并不是绝对的,有时一个名词在用于一种意义时属于不可数一类,在表示另一种意义时属于可数一类。就以information为例,一般属不可数,但用作“公诉人对一项刑事罪犯提出的控告”时便成为可数名词,如:lay an information against sb.(控告某人)。可数名词与不可数名词的划分参照下列图表:

例 “The Johnsons have just moved into a larger house.”“Did they have to buy_____for it?”

A. many new furniture

B. much new furnitures

C. many new furnitures

D. much new furniture

[分析]furniture(家具)是物质名词,不能加s。故A和C应改为many new pieces of furniture;B中much只能修饰不可数名词,须去掉furnitures结尾的s。正确的选择应是D。

三、不可数名词的转化

有些名词的可数与不可数可以相互转化,但词义也同时发生变化,如:

1. 一些抽象名词数的转化

anxiety 焦虑 anxieties 使人忧虑的事情

business 生意 bussinesses 多爿商店或多家企业

delicacy 微妙 delicacies 山珍海味

disorder 混乱 disorders 小病;微恙

experience 经验 experiences 经历

fear 恐惧 fears 种种担心

friendship 友谊 friendships 表示友谊的事例

joy 欢乐 joys 令人快慰的人或事

kindness 善意;盛情美意 kindnesses 善行

pity 怜悯 pities 不幸

security 安全 securities 证券;债券

sympathy 同情 sympathies 表示慰问的函电等

2. 一些物质名词数的转化

bread 面包 breads 几种(客)面包

coffee 咖啡 coffees 几杯咖啡

desert 沙漠 deserts 一片片沙漠

fat 脂肪 fats 各类脂肪

fish 鱼 fishes 各类鱼

food 食物 foods 各类食物

fruit 水果 fruits 各类水果

lemonade 柠檬汁 lemonades 几瓶柠檬汁

metal 金属 metals 各类金属

sand 沙子 sands 一片沙漠

steel 钢 steels 各种钢材

tea 茶 teas 各种茶叶

tobacco 烟草 tobaccos 各类烟草

wheat 小麦 wheats 各种小麦

3. 不可数名词(物质名词及抽象名词)的转化实例

She saw a smoke in the distance. 她看到远处有一缕青烟。

Their hopes proved to be smoke. 他们的希望到头来都落空了。

The young man walked with an air. 那个年轻人走路有风度。

Birds fly in the air. 鸟在空中飞翔。

It was really a heavy rain. 确是一场大雨。

There was rain in the night. 夜里下雨了。

That German drank three sodas. 那德国人喝了三瓶汽水。

Add some soda to the whisky, please. 请在威士忌中加点苏打水。

The boy has a keen intelligence. 那男孩具有敏锐的头脑。

Use your intelligence, and you're sure to achieve something. 若发挥你的聪明才智,你一定能取得成就。

There has been a disturbance in the street. 街上曾发生过一阵骚乱。

I dislike external disturbance when I am reading. 我看书的时候不喜欢外界的骚扰。

The poor girl was full of cares and fears. 这可怜的姑娘忧虑重重。

Cross the road with care. 过马路要留神。

The soldiers lost heart and retreated. 士兵们失去了勇气而退却了。

The boy and the girl lost their hearts (=fall in love with each other). 小伙子与姑娘互相倾心爱慕。

It's a pity that you have to go so soon. 真遗憾你这么快就得走了。

I felt great pity for the woman whose baby died. 我很同情这个死了孩子的妇女。

There are delicacies of the season in that restaurant. 那家饭店供应应时的珍肴美味。

She spoke with delicacy of our recent loss. 她机敏婉转地谈到我们最近的损失。

He is a man of nerve. 他是个有胆量的人。

He does not know what nerves are. 他不知道什么叫害怕。

4. 专有名词数的转化

Fox 福克斯[指一人] the Foxes[指Fox一家]

Robert Jones the Robert Joneses[指该人一家]

注:姓变复数时指该姓的一家人,但前面须加the。

Mary two Marys[指两个名叫Mary的人]

Mr. Berry three Mr. Berrys[指三个名叫Berry的先生]

名词可数与不可数的相互转化也是考点之一。

例 A wide (A) range of disorder (B) can affect the human (C) muscular (D) system.

[分析]disorder作不可数名词时作“混乱”解,转化为可数名词时作“因身体机能失调而引起的病痛”解。题意是“众多的病痛会影响人的肌肉系统”。disorder在句中应为可数名词,故把B改为disorders。

四、不可数名词和可数名词的用法

1. 不可数名词前量词的用法

不可数名词前要加上表示“一些”,“许多”或“大量”等词语时,不能加a few,many或a large number of,而要用:

注:在上列词语中,some,a lot of (lots of),plenty of,a large quantity of,a wealth of,和heaps of后面也可跟复数可数名词。

Give me some money, please./Give me some books to read.

Alan does not drink much wine.

The teacher's explanation is of considerable help to them.

It took the police a great (good) deal of trouble to crack the criminal case(破这件刑事案).

There is lots of (a lot of) time./I received a lot of (lots of) birthday presents.

Don't hurry; there is plenty of time yet./There are plenty of foreign magazines in the room.

Almer has read a large amount of literature(大量文学作品).[不能说a large amount of literary books,但可说a large number of literary books]

Englishmen consume a large quantity of beer every year./He has a large quantity of CDs.

David is said to have a wealth of learning(学识渊博)/a wealth of friends(朋友甚多/交友甚广).

It did me a heap of (heaps of) good to see my old friends/We have heaps of opportunities(许多机会).

2. 抽象名词+itself

“抽象名词+itself”可用在be的后面作为表语形容词。这是一个强势结构,能产生强烈的修辞效果。如:

I share the room with Isabel. She is tidiness itself (=very tidy).

The sentence is simplicity itself (=very simple).

例 Mr. Smith is prudence_____.

A. himself

B. itself

C. in itself

D. in himself

[分析]答案B。试题中由于主语是人(Mr. Smith),学员往往会选A或D,但实际上这是一个强调结构,因prudence是抽象名词。

Mr. Smith is prudence itself.=Mr. Smith is very prudent. 这一特殊强调结构有一个变体,即be+all+抽象名词。这两个强调结构可以相互换用而意思不变。试看以下两组例子:

At the moment, Freddy was all energy(浑身是劲=very energetic).

At the moment, Freddy was energy itself (=very energetic).

Jessica has a loving heart.She is all kindness (=very kind).

Jessica has a loving heart.She is kindness itself (=very kind).

all+抽象名词和抽象名词+itself一样,也用作表语,在最大程度上体现该抽象名词的性质或情况,现再举数例:

When he spoke, we were all attention(聚精会神地听着).

Rose will be all anxiety(焦急不安)until she hears from her brother.

Bob is all eagerness(非常渴望)to see Rue.

“I cannot help being all astonishment(惊叹不止),”said Nelson,“whenever I reflect on what we have achieved.”

They showed us into a big office, all noise and bustle(一片喧哗忙乱).[all noise and bustle前去掉which was]

Hearing the false accusation, Ambrose stood up from his chair, all rage and indignation(怒气冲冲).

Mary is all woman(女人味十足).

3. all+某些复数名词

这一结构在be后面也用作表语形容词:

* be all smiles 满脸笑容

When he heard the good news, Bill was all smiles.

* be all ears 全神贯注地听着;洗耳恭听

The children were all ears as they listened to the story.

* be all eyes 眼睛盯着看

When the little girl saw the birthday cake her mother bought her, she was all eyes.

* be all nerves 万分紧张

While she was waiting for the interview, she was all nerves.

* be all tears 泪流满面

Hearing that news, she was all tears.

* be all wrinkles 满脸皱纹

That old man is all wrinkles.

* be all skin and bones 骨瘦如柴

After a serious illness, Jack is all skin and bones. 一场重病,杰克已是形销骨立。

4. 不可数名词前冠词的用法

不可数名词前通常不用冠词,但在下列情况下不可数名词则和可数名词一样,前面需用冠词:

1 当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,它前面要用定冠词the。

The milk in the bottle has gone sour.[指这瓶中的牛奶]

The freedom you discussed just now is nowhere to be found in the world(在世界上根本找不到).[主语部分是“你们刚才讨论的自由”,系特指]

2 抽象名词或物质名词的前、后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰语时,该名词前面应加不定冠词a或an,不能用定冠词the。

This is green tea.[绿茶系物质名词,前面不用冠词]

This is a green tea which was picked before the first rain in spring.[指第一场春雨落下前採摘下的雨前茶,表示该茶的一种特殊性质,故前面须用a]

Amy's room is furnished with simplicity.[simplicity系抽象名词,前不用冠词。]

Amy's room is furnished with a simplicity that is almost elegant.[指近乎雅致的简单,表示不是一般的simplicity,点出它的特殊性质,故前面须用a]

Mary Lee speaks English with fluency.[fluency系抽象名词,前不用冠词]

Mary Lee speaks English with a fluency not to be expected of an ordinary Chinese schoolgirl.[指讲英语流利的程度远非一般中国女学生所能达到,表示fluency的一种特殊性质,前面须用a]

The man disappeared with suddenness.[suddenness系抽象名词,前面无冠词]

At the crack of the shotgun the bird disappeared with a startling suddenness.[鸟一听见枪声就以惊人的速度飞走了,表示了非同一般的suddenness,故前面用a]

例 The (A) mind (B) is but (C) barren soil (D).

[分析]A和B都对,因作“思想”或“思想修养”解时,mind前有定冠词the,如:Reading is good for the mind. C中but在这里用作副词,相当于only,也对。D中的soil(泥土)是物质名词,通常前面不用冠词,但这里soil为形容词barren所修饰,barren soil指不毛之地,barren表示了此soil与其他soil不同的特殊性质,故前面应加上不定冠词a,即a barren soil。

5. 不可数名词数的表示法

不可数名词也可表示数,但须在其前面加上一个单位词(unit noun):

a piece (an item) of news 一条新闻

a piece of advice 一个忠告

a piece (an item) of information 一份信息

a piece of work 一件任务

a piece (a slice) of bread/cake 一块面包/蛋糕

a piece (a sheet) of paper 一张纸

a slip of paper 一张纸条

a piece of thread 一根线

a piece (an article) of clothing/furniture/baggage 一件衣服/家具/行李

a piece of meat 一块肉

a piece (a lump) of coal 一块煤

a piece of land 一块土地

a piece of folly 一件蠢事

a cake of soap 一块肥皂

a bar of chocolate 一块巧克力

a length of cloth 一段布

a bolt of cloth 一匹布

a lump of sugar 一块方糖

a grain of rice/sand/salt 一粒米/沙/盐

a blade of grass 一根草

a sum of money 一笔款子

a head of cattle 一头牛

a drop of rain/blood/oil/dew 一滴雨/血/油/露水

a set of furniture 一套家具

a coil of mosquito incense 一盘蚊香

an ear of corn 一枝玉米穗

a bottle of milk/ink/perfume/wine/cough mixture 一瓶牛奶/墨水/香水/酒/咳嗽药水

a bucket(a pail) of water 一桶水

a cup of tea 一杯茶

a glass of lemonade/beer 一杯柠檬汁/啤酒

a bowl of rice 一碗饭

a burst of applause 一阵掌声

a fit of anger/laughter 一阵脾气/发笑

a peal of thunder 一阵隆隆雷声

a flash of lightning 一次闪电

an attack of fever 一阵寒热

a ray of hope 一线希望

a shower of criticism 一阵批评

▶▶ 与可数和不可数名词有关的number,amount和quantity:

如:

The number of your fingers is ten.

The amount of evidence against Jaime(不利于Jaime的证据)is great.

The quantity of books in the library is amazing(多得惊人).

The quantity of heat in the office has not (been) increased.

例 During the past year the_____of automobile accidents in New York City has decreased.

A. degree

B. quantity

C. number

D. amount

[分析]介词of后面跟复数可数名词accidents,故应选C。quantity后面虽也可接复数可数名词,但句意的要求是数,而不是量,因此不能选B。

例 A large_____of older-model cars do not have proper smog-control devices.

A. many

B. lot

C. amount

D. number

[分析]选D,并请注意句中动词采用复数形式“do not have”。

6. 单数可数名词前不加冠词的特殊结构

单数可数名词前通常必须加冠词,但在下列特殊结构中不加:

be+某些表示个体的单数可数名词+enough+不定式

在这一结构中,名词起形容词作用,故前面不能加不定冠词a。例如:

Richard was gentleman enough to help Anna. 理查德极有教养,对安娜援手。

I was not scholar enough to read the inscription. 我学识不够,看不懂该碑文。

Ted was fool enough to believe that tall story. 泰德傻透了,竟相信那个荒唐的故事。

He was coward enough to submit to the unjust treatment. 他真是个胆小鬼,竟然屈服于这种不公平的待遇。

Adams and Joe were not man enough to admit their mistakes. 亚当斯和乔男子汉气魄不够,不敢承认自己的错误。[在此例句中,主语Adams and Joe是复数,但名词man仍用单数,不可改用men]

7. a (an)+单数名词+of+a+单数名词

在这一习语句型中,第一部分相当于一个形容词,起到定语的作用。例如:

an angel of a wife=an angelic wife 天使般的妻子

a brute of a fellow=a brutal fellow 野蛮的家伙

a fool of a man=a foolish man 傻里傻气的人

a mountain of a wave=a mountainous wave 山一般高的巨浪

a beast of a place=a beastly place 一个畜生般脏的地方

a labyrinth of a garden=a labyrinthine garden 一座迷宫般的花园

a jewel of an assistant=a jewel-like assistant 一位极有价值的助手

a poem of a night=a poetic night 一个诗一般的夜晚

Cathy lives in a palace of a house, but she is leading a hell of a life. 凯茜住在宫殿般的宅邸中,但却过着地狱般的生活。

注:① 这一句型中的两个不定冠词都不能省掉,也不能以定冠词the来代替第二个a。

② 这一句型中第一个不定冠词a可用指示代词this和that,以及物主代词my,your,his,her等来换用,但不能换用定冠词the:

her brute of a husband 她那个野蛮的丈夫

his dome of a forehead 他那似圆顶形隆起的额角

your tyrant of a father 你那位暴君般的父亲

this/that rascal of a boss 这个/那个恶霸般的老板

the rascal of a boss(错)

③ 这一句型中的第一部分相等于一个形容词修饰第二部分中的名词,因此这一句型中的两个名词位置不可互换。如决不可把a jewel of an assistant改为an assistant of a jewel,否则意思便成为“一个助手般的珠宝”。

8. many+a+单数名词

后面接单数动词,这是一个习语形式,通常用于书面语或诗歌中,要比“many+复数名词”强调。例如:

Many a man has (=Many men have) tried this experiment before.

Many a customer comes or goes (=Many customers come or go).

Almer has been there many a time (=many times).

例 There are (A) no doubt many a (B) reason (C) why (D) such a novel sells well.

[分析]句中的主语reason系单数,须用单数动词,故A错,应把are改写为is。

9. the+单数名词+of+相同的复数名词

这一强调结构表达一个“最”字,如:

Confucius is the teacher of teachers. 孔子是万师师表。

The Bible is the book of books. 《圣经》是书之经典。

He is the silly of sillies. 他真是傻到家了。

10. the+最高级形容词+of+复数名词

这一结构也表达一个“最”字,如:

That girl has the sweetest of smiles. 那女孩的微笑最甜美动人。

11. of+抽象名词=形容词

He is a man of wisdom (=a wise man).

She is a woman of learning (=a learned woman).

The book is of great value (=very valuable).

It is a matter of no importance (=an unimportant matter).

12. a man of his/a woman (girl) of her+单数名词

a man of his/a woman (girl) of her+单数名词,表示“一个像他那样有……的人”

Porf. Luo is a man of his word. 罗教授是一个守信用的人。

Jane is a woman of her particular gift. 简是一个有特殊才能的人。

13. what+(little/few)+名词

what+(little/few)+名词,表示“(尽管少)所有的……”

Give me what books you have on the subject. 把你所有关于这方面的书都给我。

What few friends I have here have been very kind to me. 我这里的几个朋友,虽不多,一直对我很好。

He used what little influence he had to make it a success. 他尽自己微薄的影响促成了那件事。

五、名词的数

1. 名词用作前置形容词的数的问题

现代英语中,人们往往把名词放在另一名词之前,用作前置形容词(premodifier),使行文简练。试比较下列短语:

市评议会

the council of the city

the city council[city放在council前,用作前置形容词修饰council]

石墙

a wall (made) of stone

a stone wall[stone用作前置形容词修饰wall]

情诗

a poem about love

a love poem

八月的天气

weather in August

August weather

英国剑桥大学的史密斯教授

Professor Smith of Cambridge

Cambridge Professor Smith

名词作前置形容词时请注意以下四点。

1 把介词后面用作宾语的名词放在名词中心词的前面,然后去掉介词。

名词中心词+介词+用作宾语的名词=用作宾语的名词+名词中心词

例如:

the door(名词中心词)of the cupboard(用作宾语之名词)=the cupboard(用作宾语之名词)door(橱柜门)(名词中心词)

2 名词用作前置形容词时,通常采取单数形式。

洗碗布

a cloth for dishes

a dish cloth[原来的dishes采用复数形式,用作前置形容词时则改为单数形式]

打虎

the shooting of tigers

tiger shooting[tigers变成单数形式]

磨剪石

a sharpener for scissors

a scissor sharpener[scissors通常以复数形式出现,但用作前置形容词时也采取单数形式]

a chair with arms=an arm chair 扶手椅

the legs of the trousers=the trouser legs 裤腿

a plant from the mountains=a mountain plant 来自山上的植物

a brush for brushing teeth=a tooth brush 牙刷

a table for playing billiards=a billiard table 桌球台

a box for holding cigars=a cigar box 雪茄烟盒子

the gap of the generations=the generation gap 代沟

例 Some bloods types (A) are quite common (B), others are regionally (C) distributed, and still others are (D) rare everywhere.

[分析]A中的bloods作前置形容词修饰types,应采用单数形式,须改为blood types。

3 定语从句中的名词是中心词时,也可把该名词变为前置形容词来代替定语从句。例如:

a shop that sells shoes可改为a shoe shop。

a factory which produces bicycles可改为a bicycle factory。

4 在现代英语中,也出现若干复数名词用作前置形容词的现象,以下是一些较为常见的实例:

an appointments secretary 安排约会的秘书 an arms depot 军火库

a clothes peg 晒衣绳上夹衣服之夹子 the civil rights campaign 民权运动

a commodities fair 商品交易会 a greetings telegram/a greeting telegram 贺电

an honours student 优秀生 a machines hall 机器展览大厅

a sales manager 销售部经理 a savings bank 储蓄银行

a sports meet 运动会 a sports page 报纸的体育版

a savings account 储蓄存款户头 a sports car 赛车

a two-thirds majority 三分之二多数 a wages policy 工资政策

2. 集体名词的数的问题

集体名词在句中用作单数还是用作复数,后面该接单数动词抑或复数动词,这些都应根据不同情况或意义来处理。集体名词分类如下:

1 有些集体名词在句中通常作复数用,后接复数动词。

这些集体名词为:people,police,clergy,cattle,poultry,vermin,militia等。

The people of Norway are called Norwegians.

The police are making enquiries into the robbery. 警方正在调查这桩抢劫案。

The poultry have been fed. 家禽已被喂过饲料。

These vermin(害虫)are harmful to the crops.

The militia(民兵)were also called out to help keep order.

The clergy(牧师)are mostly recruited from theological schools(神学院).

注:poultry不指家禽而指家禽肉时,用单数动词,通常前无冠词。例如:

Poultry is rather cheap now.

2 有些集体名词在句中作单数用。

这些名词如machinery,merchandise(货物),foliage([总称]树叶)等。

Modern machinery has been installed in this workshop.

The valuable merchandise was thrown overboard(被扔至海中)in order to save the vessel in the storm.

Dense green foliage affords a restful sight. 茂密的绿叶呈现出一派闲适宁静的景象。

3 有些集体名词,若被看做整体时就作单数用,后接单数动词;若被看做组成该集体的各个成员时,就作复数用,后接复数动词。

如family,government,committee,class,audience,public,crew,team,company等。

The football team is playing well. 整个球队踢得不错。

The football team are having baths and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,马上就要回到这里吃点心。

The Government has decided to pass the bill. 政府已决定通过这一议案。[表整体]

The Government have discussed the matter for a long time but they have shown no signs of reaching agreement. 政府中各成员对此事已讨论了很久,但尚未有迹象表明他们已取得一致意见。

The family is a very happy one. 这家人很幸福。

The family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家成员对威廉获得成功的消息都感到非常高兴。

The audience is enormous. 观众人数很多。

The audience are enjoying every minute of the concert. 自始至终听众都非常爱听这场音乐会。

The committee meets once a month. 委员会一月开一次会。

The committee are divided in opinion about the matter. 委员们对这事意见有分歧。

The class is a big one. 这个班人很多。

The class are unable to agree upon a monitor. 这个班级的学员在班长的人选问题上不能获得一致意见。

The public is convinced of the official's innocence. 公众都相信那官员是清白无辜的。

The public are requested not to leave litter in the park. 要求游客们不要在公园里乱丢东西。

例 The company are (A) planning a series (B) of lectures for its executives so that (C) they may be aware of how to deal with racial problems that may occur from time to time (D).

[分析]题中its指company,可见A项是错的,应把are改写为is。C项so that后的they是指executives,而不是指company。

◎ 集体名词people的用法:

a. (泛指)人们[people前不用the]

People will laugh at you if you do that.

Many people are present at the symposium(研讨会)。

b. (前面有定冠词the)人民

A true statesman works in the interest of the people. 真正的政治家是为人民的利益而工作的。

c. 民族、种族(前面用冠词或用复数)

The Chinese are an industrious and brave people. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的民族。

the English-speaking peoples in the world 世界上讲英语的民族

d. 表示属于特定场所的人们,或个人的家族、近亲(前面用定冠词或my、his等物主代词)。

The library people(图书馆的人)always give us a lot of help when we go there.

My husband's people(我丈夫家里的人)are staying with us now.

How are your people? 你家里的人好吗?

注1:用peoples(复数形式)表示不同国别的人民。例如在表示“增进我们两国人民友谊”这一层意思时,不说“enhance the friendship between the people of our two countries”,而是通常说“enhance the friendship between our two peoples”,这样不仅行文简练而且语气显得亲切。

注2:不要把集体名词people和person(普通名词)混淆。person作“单个人”解,兼指男女。按习惯用法,person的复数形式,如果不指明精确数字,应用people而不用persons。如Many people(不说Many persons)agree with me。大数目的“人们”也用people,而不用persons,如The theater can seat five thousand people(不能说five thousand persons)。数字精确的少量的人则用persons,如There are only three persons in the room。

例 Negotiable (A) instruments(流通票据)such as personal checks may ordinarily (B) be transferred to another people (C) by endorsement(背书) (D).

[分析]上题的句意是“诸如私人支票等流通票据一般情况下可以通过背书转让给另外一个人。”“人”之单数应用person,不能用people。故应把C项改为person。

3. 以-ics结尾的名词的数

以-ics结尾的名词作“学科”解时,系单数性质,后接单数动词:

Politics(政治学/政治)is a good topic for discussion.

Linguistics(语言学)has developed rapidly in modern times.

Physics(物理学或物理)is concerned with the study of matter(物质)and natural forces.[大自然的威力,如风暴、地震等]

Electronics(电子学)has made possible the development of television, radio, radar and computer.

Mathematics(数学)includes arithmetic(算术,注意无s), algebra(代数), geometry(几何), and calculus(微积分).

Informatics(信息学)is the study of the means by which information is collected, processed, classified, and transmitted(收集、处理、分类和输送), especially through computers and other automatic equipment.

Mechanics(力学)is the branch of physics dealing with the action(作用)of forces on solids, liquids, and gases at rest or in motion(处于静止或运动状态).

Statistics(统计学)was the only course Jessica failed in.

Acoustics(声学或音响学)is taught in some colleges.

Optics(光学)is concerned with the study of the properties(性能)and phenomena of those electromagnetic waves(电磁波)with wave lengths greater than X-rays and smaller than microwaves(微波).

Phonetics(语音学)deals with sounds.[deals with=is concerned with,作“研究”解]

Athlectics(体育课)is recommended for every student.

Economics(经济学)deals with the material welfare of mankind and such problems as those of capital, labor, wages, prices, tariffs(关税), and taxes.

以上这类名词中,有些可作“学科”以外的其他解释,这时它们就作复数处理,后接复数动词:

The acoustics(音响效果)of this theater are admirable.

What are Alan's politics(政治观点或态度)?

Statistics(统计数字或资料)are classified systematically(系统地).

The phonetics(语言现象)of the language are minutely(仔细地)observed.

Athletics(体育运动)include all kinds of sports, as running, rowing, boxing, etc.

What are the economics(经济要素/经济上的利弊)of this project?

4. 以-s结尾的名词的数

1 有少数以-s结尾的名词,形式上虽然是复数,实际上作单数用,后接单数动词。

The news is encouraging.

A summons(传票)was served on him. 已向他发了传票。

The tidings(消息)comes a little late(来得晚了).

The gallows(绞架)is still used for murderers in that country.

例 The news of the losses suffered (A) by our troops were (B) much worse (C) than expected (D).

[分析]news是以-s结尾的不可数名词,应接单数动词,故把B改为was。

2 以-s结尾表示游戏名称的名词通常用作单数,后面接单数动词。

Bowls(滚木球戏,保龄球戏)is a sport which is usually played by people of middle age or past.

In some countries, dominoes(多米诺骨牌)is still the principal game.

Checkers(跳棋,英国叫draughts)is a game for two.

Fives(英国两人或四人玩的对墙投击之手球)is played with the hand.

Ninepins(九柱戏,竖立九根柱,以滚球撞倒之多寡而定胜负)is still a vacancy(空白)in Chinese sports.

Darts(掷镖游戏)is a game in which darts(镖,单数为dart)are thrown at a target.

Billiards(玩桌球)has been my favorite recreation since I was a young boy.

个别表示游戏的名词也有作复数用,后面接复数动词。例如:

Cards(玩纸牌)are not allowed here.

3 以-s结尾的疾病名称一般都作单数用,后面接单数动词。

Diabetes(糖尿病)is a common disease among middle-aged and elderly people.

Mumps(腮腺炎)is infectious.

Measles(麻疹)is infectious.

Generally, arthritis(关节炎)occurs in people working in damp places.

Phlebitis(静脉炎)is an unpleasant ailment.

Rickets(软骨病)is rare now.

Shingles(带状疱疹)is serious: how long have you had it?

4 由两部分组成的表物体的名词通常用作复数,后接复数动词。

Your trousers(裤子)are too large。They need to be taken in(收小)a little.

The scissors(剪刀)are dull. They need to be sharpened.

Calipers/Callipers(卡钳)are used to measure the dimensions(尺寸)of small metal objects.

Where are my suspenders(背带)? I can't find them.

Bobby's spectacles/glasses(眼镜)are very expensive. Their frame is gilded with 14-carat gold(镀14K金).

Your shades(太阳眼镜)are the same as Johnny's.

其他由两部分组成的名词,如compasses(圆规),flares(喇叭裤),forceps(镊子),jeans(牛仔裤),pants(裤子),pincers(铗子),scales(磅秤),pliers(老虎钳),shorts(短裤),tweezers(镊子),stockings(长袜),socks(短袜),tongs(夹具),shears(大剪刀),handcuffs(手铐),slacks(便裤),braces(裤子背带),binoculars(双筒望远镜)等,也都用作复数名词。

注1:以上这类名词前,如用了a pair of等,后面动词的单复数则取决于pair 这一单词本身在句中的单复数形式。例如:

My new pair of pants does not suit me.

Here is a pair of jeans.

Here are some new pairs of socks.

注2:The scissors are on the table.(那把剪刀在桌子上。)但在现代英语中,也可用A scissors is on the table.(一把剪刀在桌子上。)这里的A scissors=A pair of scissors。

5. 单复数同形的名词

1 某些动物名称单复数同形。

注:① fish指“鱼肉”时系不可数名词,如Fish is expensive now. 鱼价现在挺贵的。

② fish统指“鱼”时单复数同形,如a fish,two fish,three fish。

③ fish指不同种类的鱼时,复数须加“-es”,如two fishes,three fishes。

例:How many fishes do you know by name? 你知道多少种鱼的名字?

There are three fishes in the basin. 这鱼缸里有三个种类的鱼。

④ fish作为名词和动词,非常贴近生活,产生若干谚语及习语,运用在写作与日常用语中,可使之添色不少:

* fish (for) a needle in (out of) the ocean 大海捞针

Don't try to find the key any more. It is like fishing for a needle in the ocean.

* fish in the air 缘木求鱼

If you work on like this, your efforts will be in vain; it is just like fishing in the air. 你若这样工作下去,你所作的努力都将白费,就像缘木求鱼一样。

* fish in troubled(或muddy)waters 浑水摸鱼;趁火打劫

All he wanted was to make bad blood between you and fish in troubled waters. 他所要做的就是要在你们俩人中挑拨离间,从中浑水摸鱼。

* fish or cut bait(在两者中决定取舍)要么去做,要么走人

The boss told him:“Quit dawdling over your work! Fish or cut bait.”老板对他说,“别磨洋工了!要么干,要么就走人。”

* fish (sb.) with a golden hook(钓鱼钩)贿以重金

He fished the director of the personnel division with a golden hook and got a lucrative post. 他对该人事处处长贿以重金,获得了一份肥缺。

* have other fish to fry 另有其他事要做

I was asked to the party but I have other fish to fry. 我被邀参加晚会,但我有别的事要做。

* like a fish out of water 如鱼离水;不得其所的人

I feel like a fish out of water among so many strangers. 和这么多陌生人在一起我感到局促不安。

* Never offer to teach fish to swim 不要教鱼游泳;不要班门弄斧

It is silly to offer to teach fish to swim. 班门弄斧是在犯傻。

* Never fry a fish till it's caught 鱼未捉到不要忙着煎鱼;不要操之过急

You always expect things to turn out as you wish. Never fry a fish till it's caught. 你对事情总是想当然,没有把握前切不可操之过急。

* The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼在水底游/珍贵的东西不会轻易得到。

A: I got this beautiful and precious gem after travelling far and wide in search of it. 我踏破铁鞋才觅得这块美丽精致的宝石。

B: Indeed, the best fish swim near the bottom. 的确,珍贵的东西不会轻易得到。

* The best fish smell when they are three days old. 最好的鱼三天也会变臭/作客不可久留。

Even when I visit an old friend, I do not stay longer than necessary, as the best fish smell when they are three days old. 即使访问老朋友,我待的时间也不是很长,因时间待久会招人嫌。

* Fish begins to stink at the head. 鱼烂头先臭/上梁不正下梁歪。

When those above behave disgracefully, those below will follow suit. That is what is called“Fish begins to stink at the head.”上面行事不检点时,下面便跟风。这就是所谓的“上梁不正下梁歪”。

* Venture a small fish to catch a great one. 欲钓大鱼,先舍小鱼/小的不去,大的不来。

Never be mindful of a mere trifle in the way of profit. You must know the truth that one ventures a small fish to catch a great one. 切不要计较蝇头小利;你得知道小的不去,大的不来这一道理。

注:汉语中有“放长线,钓大鱼”的类似讲法,相应的英译是“throw a long line to catch a big fish”。

2 以-ese或-ss结尾的民族名称。

3 四个单复数同形的名词。

4 以-s结尾的一些单复数同形的名词。

一般说以-s结尾的名词都作复数用,后面接复数动词。例如:

The goods(货物)are faulty(有毛病).

Clothes are very expensive in Paris.

Small arms(武器)are still necessary in battles.

The archives(档案)of our corporation are kept in this room.

The minutes(会议记录)of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

His wages(工资)are $500 a week.

注:wages这个复数形式的名词,用作比喻意义时,后面须接单数动词,不能用复数动词:

The wages(代价)of sin is death.

The wages(代价)of poor eating is poor health.

但也有一些以-s结尾的名词却是单复数同形。以下是一些常见的例子:

A series of problems(一系列问题)has cropped up recently.

There are two series of books(两套丛书):one for beginners and the other for advanced learners.

Every means(手段;方法)has been tried to solve the difficult problem.

All means have been tried to solve the difficult problem.

Wheat is a species of grass(一类草).

All species of apples belong to the same genus(类).

The headquarters(总部)of the American Red Cross is in Washington D. C.

Our headquarters are in West Berlin.

There is a gas-works/a steel-works(煤气厂/钢铁厂)in the town.

There are two gas-works/two steel-works in the town.

John wrote that his barracks(兵营)was a lively place.

The two barracks are inspected daily.

An alms(施舍)was given to the poor.

These alms were given to the poor.

one species of cat;

two species of cats

5 表示度量衡、币制等单位的汉语英译名词。

one jin(斤)of rice

two jin of rice(不能用jins)

This box of cigars cost me 10 yuan(元)5 jiao(角)8 fen(分).

We covered 60 li(里,不能说lis)yesterday.

One mu(亩)of land is required for the establishment of the school.

Southeast of the town are 200 mu of sandy wasteland which are unsuitable for growing crops.

6. 复合名词的数

1 由连字号“-”连接的数词+名词的复合名词结构中,名词总是用单数。

这是因为这一复合名词通常用在名词前起前置形容词作用。

a five-year plan 五年计划

the eight-hour day (work/working system) 八小时工作制

a ten-dollar bill 一张拾元的美钞

a 10,000-ton ocean liner 万吨运输轮

a 24-storey building 一幢24层楼高的大楼

a ten-minute walk 10分钟的散步或路程

a 50-page booklet 一本50页的小书

例 The town we visited was (A) a four-days (B) journey from our hotel, so we took (C) the train instead of the bus (D).

[分析]显然B项错,应改为four-day。

2 不用作前置形容词的复合名词变成复数时,通常将其中的主体名词变为复数。

a looker-on 旁观者 some lookers-on

a listener-in 无线电收听者 many listeners-in

a son-in-law 女婿 two sons-in-law

a daughter-in-law 媳妇 three daughters-in-law

a brother-in-law 姐夫;妹夫;连襟 four brothers-in-law

a grand-child 孙儿;孙女 six grand-children

an editor-in-chief 总编辑 some editors-in-chief

a man-of-war 军舰 twelve men-of-war

an air-raid 空袭 four air-raids

a good-for-nothing 无用的人 a few good-for-nothings

a comrade-in-arms 战友 many comrades-in-arms

a grant-in-aid 中央对地方之拨款;补助金;助学金 three grants-in-aid

an aide-de-camp 随从;副官 two aides-de-camp

◎ 有些复合名词没有主体名词,变为复数时通常在第二组成词后加-s。例如:

close-up 特写 close-ups

grown-up 成人 grown-ups

hold-all 旅行用的帆布袋 hold-alls

sit-in 静坐抗议 sit-ins

stand-by 备用品 stand-bys

touch-me-not 高傲自恃的人 touch-me-nots

forget-me-not 毋忘我草 forget-me-nots

go-between 媒人;中间人 go-betweens

◎有些复合名词已取消了中间的连字号“-”,连写成一个字;这类复合名词变复数时也在第二组成词后加-s即可:

brainpower — brainpowers 智囊团

ultracentrifuge — ultracentrifuges 超速离心机

pathfinder — pathfinders 开路先锋

telltale — telltales 搬弄是非者

scarecrow — scarecrows 稻草人

makeshift — makeshifts 权宜之计

blacksmith — blacksmiths 铁匠;锻工

stowaway — stowaways 躲在船里或飞机里偷渡或偷飞的人

toothpick — toothpicks 牙签

◎ 由man和woman构成的复合名词成为复数时,两个组成词都得变为复数:

woman doctor — women doctors 女医生

man-servant — men-servants 男佣人

gentleman-farmer — gentlemen-farmers 乡绅

◎ 也有少数是仅在第二个组成词后加s的。例如:

manslayer — manslayers 杀人者

manhole — manholes 工人修理锅炉或下水道时的出入口

maneater — maneaters 吃人的动物

man-engine — man-engines 矿井内载人的升降机

man-hater — man-haters 愤世嫉俗者;讨厌男人的女人

woman-hater — woman-haters 厌恶妇女的男人

7. 名词由单数变复数应注意的问题

名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后面加-s构成,如cup—cups;如果以s,x,ch,sh结尾,则加-es,如class—classes,box—boxes,match—matches,brush—brushes。以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,则变y为i再加-es,如city—cities,country—countries;如果y前是元音,则y不变,直接加-s,如boy—boys,key—keys。以上是最基本的变数规则。下面是一些极易混淆的变数现象。

1 以辅音字母加o结尾的词大多加-es。

hero—heroes 英雄

echo—echoes 回声

potato—potatoes 马铃薯

tomato—tomatoes 番茄

Negro—Negroes 黑人

torpedo—torpedoes 鱼雷

◎ 词末为两个元音字母的词则加-s。

bamboo—bamboos 竹

cuckoo—cuckoos 杜鹃

zoo—zoos 动物园

curio—curios 古董

studio—studios 画室

radio—radios 无线电

portfolio—portfolios 公事包

◎ 以辅音加o结尾的词,其中有少数系外来词,这些外来词变复数时词尾加-s,不是加-es。

photo—photos 照片

tobacco—tobaccos 烟草

solo—solos 独奏

dynamo—dynamos 发电机

piano—pianos 钢琴

memento—mementos 纪念品

kilo—kilos 公斤

2 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es。

leaf—leaves 树叶

thief—thieves 贼

loaf—loaves 一只/几只[面包]

wife—wives 妻子

wolf—wolves 狼

shelf—shelves 书架

knife—knives 小刀

life—lives 生命

half—halves 一半

◎ 有些以f或fe结尾的词直接加-s而已。

roof—roofs 屋顶

chief—chiefs 头头

safe—safes 保险箱

cliff—cliffs 峭壁

grief—griefs 悲伤

turf—turfs 草皮

tariff—tariffs 关税

sheriff—sheriffs 行政司法长官

proof—proofs 证明;校样

belief—beliefs 信念

reef—reefs 暗礁

gulf—gulfs 海湾

dwarf—dwarfs 侏儒

cuff—cuffs 袖口

fife—fifes 横笛

◎ 有少数词可有两种复数形式。

3 名词由单数变复数的不规则形式

不规则复数形式是指不是以加词尾-s或-es构成的名词复数,大体分下列两种情况。

A. 变换名词内部元音字母构成复数。

goose 鹅 geese foot 脚 feet

louse 螽 lice man 男人 men

mouse 鼠 mice tooth 牙齿 teeth

woman 妇女 women

◎ 当foot表示infantry步兵,horse表示cavalry骑兵,sail表示ship船时,它们看作不可数名词,表示复数不作变化。例如:

30000 foot and 5000 horse 三万名步兵和五千名骑兵

a fleet of 12 sail 一支由12条船组成的舰队

B. 带词尾-en的复数形式。这一复数形式系极少数,只见于以下三个名词:

brother — brethren(宗教团体内的教友);child — children;ox — oxen

4 英语中外来的复数形式主要源自拉丁语、希腊语、法语等。

A. 拉丁语源

◎ a(单数字尾)→ae(复数字尾)

formula — formulae 公式

larva — larvae 幼虫

nebula — nebulae 星云

注:不要混淆larva(幼虫)和lava([不可数]火山喷出的岩浆)。

◎ um(单数字尾)→a(复数字尾)

addendum — addenda 附录;补遗

bacterium — bacteria 细菌

corrigendum — corrigenda 勘误表

erratum — errata 勘误表

medium — media 媒介

memorandum — memoranda 备忘录

stratum — strata 阶层

symposium — symposia 研讨会

◎ x(单数字尾)→ces(复数字尾)

appendix — appendices 附录;[医]阑尾

index — indices 指数;索引

matrix — matrices 母体

◎ us(单数字尾)→i(复数字尾)

stimulus — stimuli 刺激;鼓励

focus — foci 焦点;中心点

nucleus — nuclei 核心;原子核

syllabus — syllabi 讲义

terminus — termini 终点;界限

B. 希腊语源

◎ is(单数字尾)→es(复数字尾)

analysis — analyses 分析;分解

axis — axes 轴心

basis — bases 基础

crisis — crises 危机

diagnosis — diagnoses 诊断

eclipse — eclipses 日食

hypothesis — hypotheses 假说

oasis — oases 绿洲

parenthesis — parentheses 插句;括弧

synopsis — synopses 内容提要

◎ on(单数字尾)→a(复数字尾)

criterion — criteria 标准

phenomenon — phenomena 现象

C. 法语词源

◎ au(单数字尾)→x(复数字尾)

bureau — bureaux 局

plateau — plateaux 高原

◎ eu(单数字尾)→x(复数字尾)

adieu — adieux 告别;辞行

5 名词的不规则复数形式和外来词的复数形式在日常应用中及各类考试中时常出现。

例 The freshman's skepticism (A) is (B) an inevitable (C) phenomena (D).

[分析]D项中的phenomena系希腊语源外来词的复数形式,但据题意应为单数,故把D项改为其单数形式phenomenon。

例 The crisis in (A) the countries of the Middle East (B) have been discussed (C) at (D) our weekly forums.

[分析]主语crisis系希腊语源的外来词,是单数形式,但C项中的动词却用了复数,破坏了主谓一致性,故须把C项改为has been discussed。

例 The spools in a telephone receiver (A) contain many foots (B) of wire coiled up (C) into a tiny (D) space.

[分析]B项错,名词foot的复数系属不规则形式,不是foots,应改为feet。

6 关于外来词的复数形式的几点补充。

某些外来词除保留原来的复数形式外,还具有英语的规则复数形式,这种情况多发生在拉丁语源的外来词上。

外来复数 英语复数

appendix appendices(拉) appendixes

focus foci(拉) focuses

matrix matrices(拉) matrixes

medium media(拉) mediums

memorandum memoranda(拉) memorandums

nucleus nuclei(拉) nucleuses

radius radii(拉) radiuses

syllabus syllabi(拉) syllabuses

symposium symposia(拉) symposiums

terminus termini terminuses

adieu adieux(法) adieus

bureau bureaux(法) bureaus

plateau plateaux(法) plateaus

一般讲,在实际应用中外来词的原来复数形式多用于科学用语,其英语复数形式多用于日常生活。如formulae用于数学及化学中,formulas则用于日常生活。

有少数外来词的英语复数形式和原来的复数形式,其意义是不同的。

外来语复数意义 英语复数意义

appendix appendices 附录 appendixes 盲肠

genius genii 妖怪 geniuses 天才

index indices 指数 indexes 索引

7 字母、数字、单词、符号等,常加“'s”构成复数。

Mind one's P's and Q's. 言行谨慎。

Your 3's look like 8's. 你的3看起来像8。

She used too many but's and if's in her composition. 她作文里用了太多的but和if。

Pay attention to your &'s and @'s. 注意你的&号和@号。

Her speech was full of I think's. 她的演讲用了太多的“我想”之类的话。

注:① 年代的表示,例如20世纪50年代,the 1950s和1950's都可以。在当代英语中,第一形式更为普通。

② 字母S的复数:the s'es;5个5:five 5's。

8 缩略词和拼缀词的复数一般加-s

VIP—VIPs

POW—POWs(战俘)

memo—memos(备忘录)

一些表示度量衡单位的缩略词,其复数往往不加-s。[参见“名词的数”]

km.—km.

kg.—kg.

ft.—ft.

cm.—cm.

9 有些缩略词的复数形式为重复一个缩略字母。

P.—PP. (=pages)

l.—ll. (=lines)

gal.—gall. (=gallons)

8. 名词的单复数在意义上的不同

有些名词从单数形式变为复数形式时,表示特别的意义。如:

六、名词的格

1. 格的种类

格作为一种语法范畴是表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间意义关系的形式。现代英语里格的形式有两种:通格(common case)和属格(genitive case),属格又称为所有格(possessive case)。当名词在句中作主语、宾语或表语时,名词的词形不发生变化,即所谓名词的通格形式。

当名词在句中表示所有或其他某些关系时,名词便采用属格形式。名词的属格又分两种:一种是's属格,另一种是由介词词组构成的of-属格。如:

Mary's address('s属格)

the name of the song(of属格)

在实际应用中,我们有时必须运用名词的's属格形式来表示同类间的比较或平行性的对比,这时为-s属格名词所修饰的后置名词通常都被省略。如:Tom's composition is better than Bob's. Bob's后面的composition被省略,如把Bob's改为Bob,便意味着把Tom的作文和Bob的为人进行比较。把类别或性质不同的两者进行比较不合词章。

例 Gerbrand von den Feckout, a Rembrandt's pupil, followed (A) the style of his teacher so implicitly that (B) his paintings (C) are sometimes confused with his master (D).

[分析]D错,his指17世纪荷兰著名画家雷姆卜蓝特(Rembrandt)的学生Gerbrand von den Feckout,意指Gerbrand不露痕迹地着意模仿他老师的绘画风格和神韵可以达到乱真的程度,以致有时候他的画和他老师的画分不出彼此。句意表示两者绘画作品间的比较,故须把D改为属格形式his master's,后面省略了paintings。

2. 's属格的形成

1 单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's。

2 以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾不加's,仅加(')。

the students' dormitory

the teachers' reading-room

the Peasants' Association(农民协会)

3 以-s结尾的专有名词后面可加's,也可只加('),但一般都读作[iz]或[z]。

Engels'['engəlz]/Engels's['engəlziz]works

Burns'[bə:nz]/Burns's['bə:nziz]poems

Dickens'['dikinz]/Dickens's['dikinziz]novels

◎ 但以[z]以外的清辅音[s]结尾的专有名词,其属格则加's读作[iz]。如:

Marx's['mɑ:ksiz]works

Thomas's['tɔməsiz]car

◎ 然而,习语for...'s sake的处理有些特殊。该习语作“为了……的缘故;看在……的分上”解。如:

for God's sake 看在老天爷分上

for old sake's sake 看在老交情分上

art for art's sake 为艺术而艺术

They are strange bedfellows, but for decency's sake they still pose as husband and wife. 他们同床异梦,但为了面子关系,对外仍作夫妻。

for health's sake 为了健康起见

for humanity's sake 出于人道

for simplicity's sake 为了简易起见

for precaution's sake 为了小心起见

在这个习语结构中,中间的名词都用's属格,但中间如换上清辅音[s]结尾的名词,该名词的属格不是以's来表示,而往往只在其词尾上加(')。如:

for appearance' sake 为了面子

for conscience' sake 为了对得起良心

for convenience' sake 为了方便起见

for goodness' sake 看在老天爷分上;我求求你

for old acquaintance' sake 看在老相识分上

3. 's属格使用的对象

1 用于有生命的、视为有生命的东西的这类名词。

A. 表示人、人名、职称等的名词。

Kissinger's China breakthrough 基辛格对中国的突破

Your Excellency's brilliant idea 阁下高见

Sir Winston Churchill's Speeches 温斯顿•丘吉尔爵士演说集

B. 表示集体的名词。

the majority's view 多数人的意见

the Party's basic line 党的基本路线

the government's reaction to the people's demand 政府对人民要求的反应

our corporation's business scope 我们公司的经营范围

the team's coach and players 该球队的教练和队员

the committee's decision 委员会的决定

the delegation's visit 代表团的访问

C. 表示较高等动物的名词。

the giraffe's neck 长颈鹿的颈

the ewe's milk 羊奶

the crow's caw 乌鸦的叫声

2 用于某些无生命东西的名称。

A. 表示国家、城市、地区等名词。

the country's modernization program 国家的现代化规划

Beijing's Summer Palace 北京的颐和园

New York's Yellow Stone Park 纽约的黄石公园

Asia's population explosion 亚洲的人口大爆炸

例 _____was the day before yesterday.

A. The France's Independence Day

B. The day of the French Independence

C. French's Independence Day

D. France's Independence Day

[分析]选D。France's Independence Day指“法国独立日”,表示国家名称可用's属格。A中定冠词The须去掉,国家专有名称前通常不用the;B中day应改写为Day,“法国独立日”系一专有名称,还需去掉the,因用Day表示的节日前一般不用冠词,如May Day,Children's Day。

B. 表示天体名称的名词。

the moon's orbit 月球的运行轨道

the sun's rotation 太阳的旋转

the earth's surface 地球的表面

C. 表示工业、科技、交通、电讯、文化、艺术等名称的名词。

the industry's geographical distribution 工业的布局

science's contributions to mankind 科学对人类的贡献

the station's waiting-room 车站的候车室

the car's engine 汽车的发动机

the machine's design 机器的设计

the factory's modern equipment 工厂的现代化设备

the book's influence 这本书的影响

the novel's plot 这部小说的情节

the film's artistic appeal 这部电影的艺术感染力

the song's political significance 这首歌曲的政治意义

D. 表示时间名称的名词。

today's China Daily 今天的《中国日报》

yesterday's news 昨日新闻

Thursday's lecture 周四的讲座

an hour's drive 开了一小时汽车

a moment's rest 片刻的休息

this week's current events 本周的时事

the decade's changes 10年的变化

a good night's rest 好好睡了一晚

但须注意,当today,tomorrow,yesterday这些表时间的名称在意义上由“今天,明天,昨天”引申作“现在(如今),将来(未来),过去(昔日)”解时,通常不用's属格,而用of属格。如:

Young people of today have no manners. 现在的年轻人没礼貌。

The songs of today aren't as tuneful as when I was a boy. 如今的歌曲不如我孩提时那些歌曲那样动听。

The world of tomorrow will be very different. 未来的世界将大不一样。

The China of today is different from the China of yesterday. 新中国与旧中国是不同的。

表示某一地区对比的短语则一概不用属格,如“上海今昔”,不说“Shanghai's today and yesterday”,该说“Shanghai today and yesterday”。

E. 表示重量、价格、距离、长度等名称的名词。

two tons' weight 两吨的重量

ten dollars' worth of coffee 价值10美元的咖啡

twenty miles' walk 20英里的步行路程

at a stone's throw 掷石可及之距离;一箭之遥

F. 拟人化的名词。

Fortune's smile 命运的微笑

heaven's will 天意

例 “What can I do for you, sir?”“I want _____.”

A. a dime's worth of candy

B. candy a dime's worth

C. a dime worth of candy

D. a dime-worth candy

[分析]选A。dime指美元中的一角,表价格,故用's属格,意指“我要买一角钱糖果”。

例 “What have you finished?”“I have finished_____.”

A. a day work

B. a day's work

C. day's working

D. a-day work

[分析]选B。day表时间,故可用's。C中working强调动作,不妥,应改为work,day's前须加上a或the。

例 Is he determined to drift through life?”“Maybe. By_____.”

A. cruelty

B. cruelty's Fortune

C. cruelty of Fortune

D. Fortune's cruelty

[分析]选D。Fortune作“命运之神”解,拟人化,故用's。C在cruelty前须加上the。A及B不通。

4. 应用's属格需注意的问题

1 复合名词在最后一个词后加's。

my son-in-law's house 我女婿的房子

the commander-in-chief's directive 总司令的指示

the grand-children's New Year cards 孙儿们的贺年卡

2 作为一个整体的词组也是在最后一个词后加's。

someone else's comment 别人的批评

two hours and a half's piano practice 两个半小时的钢琴练习

3 由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组,如在最后一个词后面加's,表示的是并列名词的共有关系;如各个名词后都加's,便表示各并列名词的各自所有关系。

Barbara and Audrey's car 芭芭拉和奥蕾两人共有的一部汽车[注意,car用单数]

Barbara's and Audrey's cars 芭芭拉和奥蕾两人各自的汽车[注意,car用复数]

Stanley and Jackson's fridge 史丹莱和杰克逊共有的一只冰箱

Stanley's and Jackson's fridges 史丹莱和杰克逊的冰箱[两人各自的冰箱,fridges用复数]

例 Cliff's and Al's (A) car broke down (B) again, but luckily (C) they knew how to fix (D) it.

[分析]A错。Cliff's and Al's car这一名词词组中,两个并列名词后都加's,表明Cliff和Al各自的汽车,car不该是单数,应采用复数形式,而句末的代词it又系单数指car,显然句意表示的是Cliff和Al's,只能把's加在Al后面,才表示共有关系。

4 起修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系时,通常不用's属格。

a teachers training course 师资培训班[不表从属关系]

a foreign languages institute 外语学院[学院并不是为外语所占有]

例 “Jim was late for two classes this morning.”

“He said that he forgot both of the_____.”

A. rooms number

B. room number

C. room's numbers

D. room numbers

[分析]选D。在room numbers这一名词词组中,room作前置形容词修饰numbers,并不表示所有关系,故不能用C项中所表示的's属格。题内第二句中的both表示一个复数概念,故number应为复数numbers。

但需要说明的是:起修饰作用的复数名词用's属格表所有关系时,如果仅表示某一种类别或类型以示同其他类别或类型区别的话,往往以名词的单数通格形式来替代名词的属格形式。如:

可用peasant participation替代peasants' participation;

可用worker uprising(起义)替代workers' uprising;

可用student life替代students' life。

如表示类别以外的其他情况时,仍宜用复数词的's属格或复数名词。如teachers' training course或teachers training course,而通常不用名词单数形式teacher training course,因师资培训班是说明培训师资的班,而不在于说明这一类型与其他类型的区别。

5. 名词's属格的其他作用

名词's属格除了表示所有关系外,还能有其他作用。

1 表示主谓关系,即表示动作的执行者。

Mr. Rubin's praise made me rather ashamed. 鲁宾先生的赞扬使我感到很惭愧。[这句可分为两句:Mr. Rubin praised me.和It made me rather ashamed.]

The distinguished guests' arrival received an enthusiastic welcome. 贵宾们的到达受到热诚的欢迎。[The distinguished guests' arrival表示The distinguished guests arrived这一主谓关系]

Everyone responds to the country's call. 人人响应祖国的号召。[the country's call=the call issued by the country,表示country是发出号召这一动作的执行者]

2 表示动宾关系,即表示动作的承受者。

Children's education is of great importance. 儿童教育至关重要。[Children's education=the education of children,表children是education的承受者。]

People strongly demand the journalist's release. 人们强烈要求释放该记者。[the journalist's release=the release of the journalist,journalist和release构成动宾关系]

名词's属格究竟表示主谓关系还是动宾关系,需视上下文而定。如Germany's occupation可理解为德国占领别国,也可理解为别国占领德国。一般讲,名词后面跟of短语时,'s属格表示主谓关系;后面接by短语时,则表示动宾关系。如:

Germany's occupation of Paris in World War Ⅱ[指第二次世界大战中德国占领巴黎,表主谓关系]

Germany's occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War Ⅱ[指苏联占领德国,表动宾关系]

3 表示店铺、楼房、建筑等。

这样用时,'s属格后面的名词通常都被省略,如:

I must go to the butcher's this morning.[the butcher's(肉店)=the butcher's shop]

注:表店铺时the不能省略,如the barber's(理发店),the grocer's(食品杂货店),the stationer's(文具店)。

He bought it at Harridge's.[Harridge's=Harridge's shop. Harridge系专有名称,故Harridge's前不用the,其余依此类推]

We visited St. Paul's.[St. Paul's=St. Paul's Cathedral(圣保罗大教堂)]

My son was educated at Merchant Taylor's.[Merchant Taylor's=Merchant Taylors' School]

We are having dinner at my uncle's tonight.[my uncle's=my uncle's house]

4 表示其他关系。

's属格除了表示所有关系、主谓关系和动宾关系外,还可表示与人类活动有联系的其他关系。试看下列各例:

children's voices=voices of children[表示属性]

children's books=books for children 儿童读物[表示用途]

China Daily's editorial=editorial written by China Daily[表示由谁执笔]

the shop's invoice=invoice made out by the shop[表示发票由谁所开]

a customer's letter of complaint=a letter of complaint from a customer[表示抱怨信来自何方]

a world's anti-smoking movement=an anti-smoking movement launched by many countries in the world[表示禁烟运动的规模]

a doctor's degree=a doctoral degree[表示类别]

5 表示对动名词的主谓关系,即作动名词意义上的主语。

I think it senseless Rudulf's arguing with Issac because Issac is awfully wilful. 我认为罗道尔夫同艾萨克争辩毫无意义,因艾萨克是个刚愎自用的人。[名词属格Rudulf's作动名词arguing意义上的主语]

Samual and his parents insisted on Walter's staying at their house for the weekend. 赛谬尔和他的父母坚持请华尔特在他们家度周末。[名词属格Walter's作动名词staying意义上的主语]

在口语体的现代英语中,名词's属格充当动名词意义上的主语时,往往可用名词通格来代替's属格。因而,在上两例句中,Rudulf's arguing和Walter's staying也可换用Rudulf arguing和Walter staying。但在标准化的结构试题的多种选择中,如果同时出现名词's属格和通格两种形式时,则须选择's属格这一正式结构作为动名词意义上的主语。

例 Would you agree to_____the operation?

A. Parson having full control of

B. Parson's having full control of

C. Parson's control of

D. be in Parson's control of

[分析]A和B都对,但B比A更为正式,故应选B。名词属格Parson's作动名词having意义上的主语。

当动名词用作主语时,它意义上的主语只能用名词's属格,而绝不能换用名词通格,即使在非正式英语中也是如此。

例 Tom calling (A) Marie made her (B) angry, so (C) she hung up (D) on him.

[分析]A错,应改为Tom's calling。

6. of属格的使用

1 一般讲,凡不能用's属格的名词都可用of属格,即用of短语来表示所有关系。

Do you know the name of the song?

The advantage of the economic reform is obvious.

2 表示人、动物、集体、机构、组织等的名词都可用of属格来替换's属格。

Mr. Cannon's apartment=the apartment of Mr. Cannon

the guest's arrival=the arrival of the guest

Bernard Shaw's plays=the plays of Bernard Shaw

the customer's complaint=the complaint of the customer

his family's background=the background of his family

the country's modernization=the modernization of the country

the government's foreign policy=the foreign policy of the government

The committee's decision=the decision of the committee

a dog's bark=the bark of a dog

a crow's caw=the caw of a crow

an elephant's trunk=the trunk of an elephant

3 表示无生命东西的名词。

the adumbration of the future in science fiction 科幻小说中所预示的未来世界的景象

the contributions of science and technology

the melancholy melodies of Negro songs 黑人歌曲忧伤的调子

4 带有后置修饰语的名词宜用of属格来表其所有关系。

the people's support

the support of the people across the world[后置修饰语]

the girl's name

the name of the girl standing over there[后置修饰语]

the students' suggestions

the suggestions of the students of Class A[后置修饰语]

the group's opinion

the opinion of the group set up to look into the problem 为调查此问题而设立的小组[后置修饰语]

5 the+形容词或分词表示一类人或物时,也须用of属格表示其所有关系。

improve the livelihood of the poor 改善穷人的生活

support the struggle of the oppressed for freedom 支持被压迫者谋求自由的斗争

6 含有一系列名词时也可用of属格。

a friend of Tom, Mary and Linda

the clients of France and China

7 含有代词(指示代词)宜用of属格。

the advantage of both

the inside of this

the common ground of all

但可以说one's opinion,others' suggestion等。

8 已有名词所有格修饰的名词宜用of属格。

the books of Smith's son[不宜说Smith's son's books]

the watch of Tom's sister[不宜说Tom's sister's watch]
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